Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the sesame oil and sesamin.

Sesame oil is widely consumed as nutritious food, cooking oil, and in pharmaceuticals and food. In this study, the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of the sesame oil and sesamin were investigated. The sesame oil and sesamin reduced the number of abdominal contortions at the doses 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg. The first and second phases of the time paw licking were inhibited by sesame oil and sesamin (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg). After 90 min of treatment, sesame oil and sesamin increased the reaction time on a hot plate (200 or 400 mg/kg). Considering the tail-immersion assay, the sesame oil and sesamin produced significant effect after 60 min at the doses of 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg. After 4 h of application of the carrageenan, the sesame oil and sesamin were effective against the paw edema. The exudate volume and leucocyte migration were also reduced by sesame oil and sesamin. These results suggest that sesamin is one of the active compounds found in sesame oil and justify the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of this product.

Reações adversas dos adjuvantes farmacêuticos presentes em medicamentos para uso pediátrico / Adverse reactions of pharmaceutical adjuvants present in drugs for pediatric use

Excipientes são substâncias auxiliares que compõem as formas farmacêuticas e, normalmente, são consideradas inertes. No entanto, mesmo em baixas concentrações, esses constituintes podem desencadear efeitos indesejáveis que podem comprometer a terapêutica medicamentosa. Neste sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar possíveis excipientes indutores de reação adversa contidos em medicamentos para uso oral pediátrico. Para realização desta pesquisa, foi adotada a técnica de análise de documentos a partir de bulas de medicamentos de formulações líquidas pediátricas constantes no Dicionário de Especialidades Farmacêuticas. Acebrofilina, dimeticona, dipirona e paracetamol foram os medicamentos selecionados para identificação dos excipientes. Em 40 apresentações farmacêuticas pesquisadas, foram identificados 23 excipientes dos quais seis foram considerados como possíveis causadores de reações adversas. Das formulações analisadas, 97,5% continham excipientes de risco que foram relacionados da seguinte forma: 24 continham metilparabeno, 20 propilparabeno, 11 sorbitol, nove benzoato de sódio, cinco tartrazina e dois bissulfito de sódio. Esses excipientes podem ocasionar urticária, asma brônquica, transtornos gastrointestinais, náuseas, vômitos, entre outros efeitos. Portanto, os excipientes têm um papel importante no aparecimento dos efeitos adversos, especialmente na Pediatria.

Excipients are auxiliary substances involved in the composition of pharmaceuticals. Although excipients are defined as inert substances, this definition has been proved inadequate. Most excipients are used in low concentrations, although they can lead to untoward effects. In clinical practice, such reactions are wrongly attributed to the active drug, leaving out of account the fact that excipients are considered responsible for adverse effects. The objective of the present study was identify the presence of excipients which can possibly induce adverse reactions, present in drugs marketed for pediatric use in Brazil. This qualitative and exploratory study used the technique of document analysis to assess drug labels of liquid formulations listed in the Pharmaceutical Dictionary and directed at the pediatric population. Four pharmaceuticals were selected: acebrophylline, dimethicone, dipyrone and paracetamol. The excipients cited in the literature as possible inducers of adverse reactions were selected for this study from their identification in the pharmaceutical formulations studied. In 40 presentations assessed, 23 excipients were identified as possible inducers of adverse reactions. The presence of a risk excipient was identified in 97.5% of the formulations assessed, according to the following distribution: 24 contained methyl paraben, 20 propyl paraben, 11 sorbitol, 9 sodium benzoate, 5 tartrazine and 2 sodium bisulfite. Pediatric patients are exposed to adverse effects such as urticaria, bronchial asthma, gastrointestinal upset, nausea, vomiting and others, due to the presence of the excipients methylparaben and propylparaben, sodium benzoate, sulfites in general, tartrazine yellow dye and sorbitol, in most liquid formulations assessed, most of them marketed as over-the-counter drugs.

Aplicação terapêutica de Saccharomyces boulardii em diarreias: uma revisão / Therapeutic application of Saccharomyces boulardii in diarrheas: a review

Saccharomyces boulardii é uma levedura não patogênica, termotolerante e resistente à ação dos sucos gástrico, entérico e pancreático. Esta levedura atua no intestino por três mecanismos: efeito antagonista direto, imunoestimulação e efeito trófico na mucosa intestinal. O objetivo deste trabalho de revisão é contribuir para uma atualização dos profissionais de saúde sobre as indicações terapêuticas e as formas de uso da levedura S. boulardii como agente probiótico. S. boulardii é utilizada sob a forma de medicamentos como agente terapêutico na diarreia, com eficácia comprovada em muitas condições patológicas que cursam com diarreias agudas e crônicas. Além de não alterar a morfologia intestinal nem a microbiota colônica residente como os antibióticos, esta levedura tem resultados equivalentes aos medicamentos padrões utilizados. Devido a esses fatores, é vantajosa a utilização de medicamentos à base deste probiótico.

Saccharomyces boulardii is a nonpathogenic yeast which is thermotolerant and resistant to gastric, pancreatic and enteric secretions. This yeast works in the bowel by three ways: direct antagonist effect, immunostimulation and trophic effect upon the intestinal mucosa. The objective of this revision is to contribute to an upgrade of health professionals about the therapeutic indications and ways of using the yeast S.boulardii as a probiotic. S. boulardii is employed in the form of medicines as therapeutic agent on the treatment of diarrhea with proven efficiency in pathological conditions that develop with acute and chronic diarrhea. Neither interfering in intestinal morphology nor in the colonic microbiota like antibiotics, this yeast has shown efficacy equivalentto standard medicines employed. Due to these factors it is very profitable the use of this probiotic-based medicines.